Super antienergisystem

Advances in high-performance, minimally invasive implantable devices are crucial to achieving long-term, reliable, and safe biosensing and biostimulation (1–6).Although …

What are superantigens & how do they work?

At their initial description in 1989, superantigens were originally defined as proteins that hyper-stimulate T-cells via the crosslinking of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and MHC Class II molecules (1, 2). This definition required extension following the discovery of B-cell superantigens.

Why are superantigens unconventional antigens?

Superantigens are unconventional antigens in the sense that they elicit a response by binding outside the complementary determining regions (CDRs) of their target immune receptor macromolecules (antibodies or T-cell receptors).

What is a T-cell superantigen?

A T-cell superantigen is an unconventional antigen that recognizes immune receptors outside their usual recognition sites, such as complementary determining regions (CDRs), to elicit a response within the target cell. T-cell superantigens crosslink T-cell receptors and MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells.

What is a superantigen in cytokine storm?

Superantigens are unconventional antigens which recognise immune receptors outside their usual recognition sites to elicit a response within the target cell. This recognition can lead to a cytokine storm, a severe immune reaction.

Which superantigen binds to the chain?

Some T-cell superantigens bind to the α chain [SEH (68)], although most recognize the β chain. Unlike complexes with MHC Class II, both TCR interfaces bind T-cell superantigens at low affinity (K d = 10 -4 – 10 -6 M) (68, 69) and yet both are capable of mediating activation of a cytokine storm (8, 70 – 73).

What is a superantigen in sec2?

The mutation N23A (equivalent to N16 in SEH) in SEC2 caused the loss of mitogenic activity (75) and the same mutation in SEB resulted in poorer proliferation of T-cells (76). B-cell superantigens bind immunoglobulins outside the CDRs; proteins which would fit this definition of a superantigen were first described in the early 1990s (3).